Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) & Male Circumcision, is it a social Research Paper - 1

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) and Male Circumcision, is it a social custom or a strict practice - Research Paper Example legitimately ordered to guarantee that all residents make the most of their privileges and joy, without partiality or favor as a result of social, racial, or strict direction. Male circumcision and female genital mutilation are issues that have raised extreme discussion on whether they ought to be treated as strict or social custom practices. In any case, considering the chronicled practices of both male circumcision and female genital mutilation, the training ought to be viewed as social however not as strict issue. Furthermore, United States ought not permit these practices among little fellows and young ladies. Scientists have built up that female genital mutilation and male circumcision influence the life structures of the outer conceptive organs of both genders, which at last prompts change of sensation during sex (Toubia, 1993, p31). These discoveries have been applied for quite a while in various social orders to accomplish diverse social goals, including concealment of sexual sentiments. As indicated by Dally(1991, p37), female genital mutilation has been in presence for more than 4000 years prior and between 80 to 100 million ladies have experienced the custom in various pieces of the world. There are various reasons that defenders of female genital mutilation use to legitimize the training. These incorporate the contention that it is a convention that is recommended by the religion (Porter, et al 1986, p 652). Additionally Toubia (1993, p62), contends that female genital mutilation is one of the numerous practices encompassed by legends and convictions. Sadly, these legends and convictions have been utilized for such a long time to legitimize the propagation of the training in the general public. Toubia (1993, p68) takes note of that in social orders where female genital mutilation is predominant, uncircumcised ladies don't get marriage accomplices on the grounds that such ladies are seen to contain a few inadequacies. In many social orders that training the bad habit, uncircumcised ladies are viewed as unfaithful to their spouses once they get

Personalisation And Its Key Elements

Personalisation And Its Key Elements In this simple, I will examine personalisation in thinking about its key components. Taking a gander at the effect of Fair Access to Care Services (FACS) in meeting administration client needs. How it repudiate specifically the thought of decision, control and autonomy for elderly individuals. I will likewise the suggestions for social work practice, and my very own training in an enemy of prejudicial perspective. The grown-up changing motivation is centered around the advancement of personalisation of help. The 2006 Community Services White Paper, Our Health, Our Care, Our Say, reported the steering of Individual Budgets. Personalisation had its beginnings in Direct Payment which was presented in 1987, were individuals who are qualified for social consideration can decide to get a money total in lieu of administrations (Henwood Nigel, 2007). The improvement of Transforming Social Care is driven by the segment weights and changes to open desires. As per Chandler (2009, p2) by 2022 20% of English populace will be more than 65 and the quantity of those more than 85 will have expanded by 60%. The advancement of better lodging choices and additional consideration lodging will be vital for what's to come. Dominant part of more seasoned individuals will hope to live in their own homes for whatever length of time that they can. What's more, with more individuals living longer and needing help, an expanding number of families will feel the effect of these segment changes (Chandler,2009) [online]. One of the targets of Putting People First was to advocate the rights and needs of more established individuals in their nearby position and open administrations inside a strategy, which will include them as dynamic residents who could conceivably require support. In any case, these desires can't be met through conventional ways to deal with conveying of social consideration administrations. A central change in Adult Social consideration is required so as to guarantee that the necessities of every individual can be met such that suits their own individual conditions. Putting individuals first (DOH 2009), spread out the vision for change in social care㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦ this vision is of another social consideration framework that assists individuals with staying healthy㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦Ã£ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦ through an emphasis on counteraction, early mediation and enablement, and top notch by and by custom fitted administrations for the individuals who need continuous consideration social consideration bolster This new strategy is alluded to as personalisation. As indicated by Lloyd (2010, p 189), the term personalisation is petulant she further refered to Boxall et al (2009) recognizing personalisation which centers around the specific needs of people to the inclination of one size-fits-all methodology of administrations. Oneself coordinated help is about the control that administration clients can apply over the meaning of their needs and the manners by which these ought to be met. In strategy terms, personalisation is both the manner by which administrations are custom-made to the necessities and inclinations of residents and how the state engages residents to shape their own lives and the administrations they get (as per the Department of Health, record Transform Social Care, Local Authority Circular 2008, p4). Personalisation was presented in government approach in 2007 when the Putting People First: A mutual vision and promise to change of grown-up care (DOH, 2007) Concordat was distributed. This plot the changes for social consideration. The key components in the report where; Self Assessment, Singular Budget, Decision, Control, Independence. Be that as it may, in light of the fact that personalisation is just an approach it is executed diversely across social consideration administrations. Defenders of personalisation contend that the need to customize administrations emerge in light of the fact that, administrations were standardized and driven by proficient, administrative and monetary plans, as opposed to those of administration clients (Lloyd, 2010). Truly and presently, an individual needing social consideration administrations is evaluated by a social laborer and different offices. At that point they choose the kind of help the administration client will get, who from, where and when. For two or three years now the administration has been moving towards changing that framework to one which the individual needing social consideration gets the chance to choose the kind of help they need and how, and this is presently known as personalisation. The drivers behind personalisation are found in the Our Health, Our Care, and Our Say White Paper (DOH). It recommends that individuals will be more joyful, more beneficial, and have better possibilities for the future on the off chance that they are placed in charge of their social consideration support. As per Harris White () an achievement in the articulated move by new work towards personalisation was the Adult Social Care Green Paper, Independence, Wellbeing and Choice. This considered the to be of individual spending plans as the guideline course to personalisation (Harris White). The Department of Health depicts personalisation as a methodology in which each individual who gets support, regardless of whether gave by legal administrations or subsidized without anyone else, will have a decision and power over the state of that help in all consideration settings Brody(2009) [online]. One key issue distinguished by Griffiths (2009, p3) is that individual financial plans offers a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦ an opportunity to engage administration clients in their dealings with open administrations and it puts the administration client at the core of open help change. This is one of the key benefits of Putting People First (2007), to guarantee individuals needing social consideration have the most ideal personal satisfaction and the uniformity of freedom living. Griffiths (20009, p2) further contends that people spending will give administration clients a more noteworthy choice㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦. by offering cash to the administration client to buy administrations from a majority of suppliers. In any case, Forster (2002.p, 85) recognized that there is almost no decision for older individuals. They can possibly have decision if the expense of their consideration is inside the sum apportioned by nearby Authority (LA) or if social laborers concurred that it is appropriate. This was likewise featured by Hudson Henwood (2008), in the CSCI archive Prevention, Personalisation, and Prioritization in social Care, that the conjunction à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦ of self guided help nearby the Fair Access to Care (FACS) rules have make a few strains while personalisation is worried about advancing and expanding the decision and control of administration clients. it neglects to decide how the qualification of those gatherings is characterized (Dodd, 2009) [online] The FACS arrangement direction was distribute in 2002 as a Local Authority Circular LAC (2002) 13. That Provides neighborhood authority with a qualification structure for setting and applying their nearby measures with the point of guaranteeing more pleasant and increasingly predictable qualification choices the nation over (DOH). As Crawford Walker (2004), calls attention to this framework is neglecting to appropriate assets to individuals who will profit by early intercession. For instance there are a developing number of elderly folks individuals with lower level needs who are probably going to create higher needs without responsive help. As indicated by Dodd (2010), utilizing one of the four levels inside the Fair Access to Care administrations (FACS) banding as an edge for proportioning assets is too unbending an instrument for decently and responsively assign social consideration financial plan. He proceeds to contend that right now, individuals with demonstrated consideration needs are not accepting the administrations they need. In this manner as long as the FACS standards stays set up as an apportioning system, it will be difficult to understand the widespread model of self coordinated help conceived inside the personalisation agenda(Dodd,2010)[online] The CSCI report contends that as the legislature is worried to hold down open spending qualification rules are a key instrument, serving to direct assistance arrangement in accordance with accessible assets and distinguished needs. In the current money related atmosphere were assets are tight, these measures can be balanced by the neighborhood expert so as to limit access to mind support. Lloyd (2010), strategy creators are more centered around the financial difficulties than the necessities of more established individuals. The suggestions for social specialists as indicated by Adams (2009, p145) is the measure of time they should go through with administration clients and carers who have singular spending plans to assist them with picking up the essential information and aptitudes they may need to deal with their financial plans. Likewise, another constraint to personalization and individual financial plan has been recognized by Griffiths (2009) that the current monetary atmosphere may represent a danger for singular spending plans and may not endure the arranged government spending cuts for the following hardly any years.

What To Read After Watching The OA

What To Read After Watching The OA When I  love a television  series or  movie, I want to read about it. Not gossip about the stars, but about the writers and subject of the show. The OA is driving me crazy with curiosity. The book I’m most anxious to read  hasn’t been  written yet  because it would be an  annotated transcript of the dialog between Zal Batmanglij and Brit Marling as they created  The OA.  A story about writing a story about storytelling. That’s deliciously recursive. The OA  models religion  â€" I don’t know if intentional or not. That ratcheted up my fascination too. I’m an atheist  â€" so I wondered if Batmanglij and Marling are believers? Or are they just  messing with believers heads? Like any good novelist, their 8-part video novel  has an ambiguous ending to go with its ambiguous intentions. That’s very frustrating  â€" but in a good way. The OA  is about  NDEs â€" Near Death Experiences. The essence of religion hinges on  faith in an afterlife. That makes their story a religious story. Since their story is also about storytelling and believing, it also makes it about faith. Even more, I think The OA is a study in fiction and storytelling. Anyone writing a novel today should analyze original series on television. They are the cutting edge of storytelling evolution. The OA is fascinating because it explores fiction and belief. The main character, Prairie Johnson,  mysteriously calls herself The OA. She could be a stand-in for Jesus. I won’t point out all the comparisons because of spoilers, but depending on how you count them, she might have twelve followers.  The OA  has a story about resurrection  she wants other people to believe.  She offers  life after death for belief.  And there are  angels in this story  â€" maybe. Other dimensions  substitute for heaven, but I missed any  suggestion of God. This story works to avoid  specific religions, or  possibly it theorizes on a secular afterlife. If Batmanglij and Marling just told a fun narrative  based on clichéd fantasy tropes I wouldn’t be writing this essay.  I can’t say  B M are promoting  belief in NDEs, but I  know many viewers want to believe in such experiences. I wish I could find a scientific study on belief and fiction. If To Kill a Mockingbird can spread acceptance of racial diversity, can a fantasy about NDEs spread belief in the afterlife? Since Raymond Moody’s Life After Life in 1975, we’ve been seeing more books every year on NDEs. Goodreads has a shelf for 309 books about NDE. Some popular titles are Heaven is for Real by Todd Burpo, Proof of Heaven by Eben Alexander and 90 Minutes in Heaven. I’ve read some of these books and they can be convincing. Because  I’m an atheist some of my Christian friends have given me NDE books to prove they are right about  religion. And I highly recommend  everyone try a couple. They are powerful stories,  even dangerous. When you read them you’ll be queuing up The Twilight Zone theme music, though.  Afterward, I highly recommend reading a pile of Skeptical Inquirers as an antidote, or Hallucinations by Oliver Sacks. The power of our minds to fool ourselves has yet to be  fully measured. Have  Batmanglij and Marling merely borrowed the biggest selling point of religion to capture a TV audience? Do they believe in NDEs themselves, and want to promote the belief? Or did they pick NDEs for yet another fantasy series because wizards, werewolves, zombies, and vampires are getting old and tired? I have to believe writers are getting savvier about seducing readers. Just look at some recent writing books that try to take reader psychology into account Wired for Story and Story Genius by Lisa Cron, The Storytelling Animal by Jonathan Gottschall, and The Spirituality of Imperfection by Ernest Kurtz and Katherine Ketcham. Why cant I find books about scientific studies on the impact of fiction on believing? If religion is fiction, it has converted billions into believing. That implies novels can have tremendous powers. The art of storytelling goes way beyond creating bestsellers and blockbusters. When you watch The OA, pay attention to how many stories are told within its eight episodes,  to how many people,  and how  are they  believed. And remember this, the bad guy of this story is a scientist. The symbolism: science holds  faith hostage. As you watch, count the number of people trapped by their fates, and how often faith is offered as a means of escape. We are storytelling animals. But that goes way beyond entertainment. Our conscious minds constantly make up stories about every bit of input our mind notices, but that often causes pitfalls. One of my favorites is called “the narrative fallacy,” which I first read about in The Black Swan by Nassim Nicholas Taleb. Essentially it means we make up a story to explain every experience, no matter how small. Those stories influence  our actions. But when the original assumption is wrong, leading to a misdirecting story, we end up acting wrong. When you see episode eight, youll wonder where the narrative fallacy in The OA lies. What makes The OA so appealing to me is we don’t know if Prairie Johnson is a reliable narrator or not. Her followers don’t know if the life-changing decisions they are making based on her story are correct. Let me give you one last book to read. It’s called Other Powers by Barbara Goldsmith. Like near death experiences are being used now to support religious belief, all around the world in the 19th century, people took up the belief in spiritualism as proof of religion. Séances became a fad and mania because of the Fox sisters.  People assumed proof of an afterlife validates religion. Even famous people embraced and promoted spiritualism. Abe and Mary Lincoln tried to contact their dead son. No one book can convey the impact of spiritualism had back then but Other Powers  is dazzling because it also covers the suffrage, abolition and temperance movements.  Spiritualism lingers to this day. And that’s surprising because the Fox sisters eventually admitted they were frauds a nd revealed the techniques they used to fool people. Stories are fun. Stories can be a vacation from reality. They can also become an addiction and delusion. I believe writers for print and screen are becoming  so sophisticated at storytelling that we want to binge on them. And preachers and politicians can spin tales that shape our reality. When I watched The OA I wondered if Zal Batmanglij and Brit Marling were showcasing the art, teaching us the art, or warning us about the art of storytelling. I assume all three. In some ways, The OA is like The Life of Pi by Yann Martel. At the end of the story, we’re left with two versions. If you’re a theist, you want to believe one version, if  you’re an atheist you want to believe another version. Now that weve speculated about the power of gurus, saviors and novelists to manipulate people with storytelling, just wonder about those skills in the hands of politicians.

Edgar Allan Poe s A Descent Into The Maelstrom - 1394 Words

In Edgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"A Descent into the Maelstrom,† the power of nature is underestimated. Aspects of the natural world are depicted in an extreme, otherworldly and almost unfathomable form, and serve as indicators for a journey into a world that is within nature, but simultaneously borders on the supernatural. Common elements of the natural world are intensified and serve as symbolic, rather than everyday elements. Their exaggerated forms signify a break from a more familiar, assumed understanding of nature, which man thought he could predict and control, to a more powerful force. The protagonist in â€Å"A Descent into the Maelstrom† attempts to use reasoning and science to prepare to map out nature’s workings, which proves to be unreliable as he encounters natural forces that surround supernatural events. The end result is that a reliance on the principles of science and reason are exchanged for a renewed understanding of the powerful role of natu re and its relation with the cosmic. Through the sailor’s changed perspective after encountering the maelstrom, the reader is able to see the relationship between the nature of the cosmos and man’s place in it. It is through the comparative theme of the cosmic versus the small that Poe challenges the favored prevalence of scientific thinking that stemmed from the Enlightenment. In a time where the complexities of religion and nature were being overwhelmed by a preference for scientific explanation and thought, Poe challenges thatShow MoreRelated The Poetry and Prose of Edgar Allen Poe2196 Words   |  9 Pagesimagery. Poets may be common, but for their poetry to be timeless it must be universally relatable. Edgar Allen Poe is regarded as one of the most famous poets in American history due to his well renowned debauchery, gothic tales of terror, and poems which are taught in schools and still analyzed today. Edgar Allen Poe was born in Boston Massachusetts in the early nineteenth century. It is well known that Poe endured a difficult life, and tragedy began at an early age. At three years old, he witnessed

A Comparison of The Lady of Shallot by Alfred Lord...

A Comparison of The Lady of Shallot by Alfred Lord Tennyson, My Last Duchess by Robert Browning, La Belle Dame Sans Merci by Keats and To His Coy Mistress by Andrew Marvell In this essay I am going to compare four poems: 1. The Lady of Shallot- Alfred Lord Tennyson 2. My Last Duchess- Robert Browning 3. La Belle Dame Sans Merci- John Keats 4. To his Coy Mistress - Andrew Marvell The connecting theme of all the poems is that are all written about a woman in love or who is loved by someone else. With the exception of To his Coy Mistress, I would say they are all tragic poems as The Lady of Shallot and My Last Duchess end in death and La Belle Dame Sans Merci has a tragic ending too. The†¦show more content†¦In La Belle Dame Sans Merci and The Lady of Shallot, love is romantic, idealised and magical. The world around the main characters is so magical and unreal that the poem almost seems as though it is lost in a dream. And To his Coy Mistress is like the total opposite as it is about sexual love. The Lady of Shallot was written by Alfred Lord Tennyson between 1809 -1892. The Lady has been locked in a tower and she has had a curse put on her. The curse is that she cannot look directly at Camelot or men and she can only look at it through a large mirror in her tower. So she sits in the tower weaves tapestries of the images she sees. One day she looks directly at Camelot and The curse is come upon [her], so she leaves her tower and this results in her death. Tennyson uses archaic language, with words such as blazond and greaves, to make it seem like a time long ago. This poem is a literary ballad. It shows how some women were treated in the Victorian period; some women were admired from afar and placed on a pedestal but they were not really allowed to enter into society. They were both trapped by society and also admired by it. The Lady is unable to live an active life in this poem. My Last Duchess was written by Robert Browning between 1812 - 1889. Browning was also a Victorian and his poem reflects this period. This poem is a dramatic monologue as it is a

Imagination has the power to encourage Free Essays

Imagination has the power to encourage When walking In the kitchen you hear the footsteps tap clink clang, tap clink clang from a young man age twenty-three, tall, lean but not too frail. Continuation footsteps entering the saute © station, pans moving side to side, gas burner being constantly turned to high or low, and tongs being flipped around all happening In a quickly motion. Top chef walks In says, â€Å"Get to work, start with Immaculate the saute © station immediately. We will write a custom essay sample on Imagination has the power to encourage or any similar topic only for you Order Now Yes, chef†, He quickly replied. Wishing, whooshing, flawless swiping, drying off the dishes. He sighs, leaning against the kitchen counter, eyes focusing on the delectable food being made across the kitchen by top chef, wishing he was Just as great as he is. Dimming away but into his perfect fantasy world he suddenly is amazingly talented with culinary art master pieces looking like true art, fantastic smelling the aromatic but savory and tasting the juiciness, rich delectable labors. His top chef impress by his work of art, astonishment of passion all into the food. â€Å"I’ve got an important announcement to make, are you all listening? ‘ Top Chef says Immediately charged. Quickly everyone stop Immediately and looks at chef. â€Å"I’m deciding to give someone a promotion to be top chef, whose earn It. This person amazing, talented, and passionate†, Chef describes. He thinks to himself, â€Å"I’m going to be top chef; I’m going to be top chef†. â€Å"The new top chef Is†¦ Bout to announce by top chef himself. Someone walk up to him and snap, snap he instantly comes out from his perfect fantasy world. â€Å"Get to cleaning† His co-worker says. He continues to cleanse, finishing he goes into an empty station, sneakily and starts to combined flavors, experimenting them. He’s encourages to prove himself to top chef by doing this and successfully he could impress his top chef. With enough effort and hard work, even experimenting could all lead to successful/ great things. How to cite Imagination has the power to encourage, Papers

Corporate Wellness Programs Essay Example For Students

Corporate Wellness Programs Essay Corporate Wellness Programs Essay Nate University of Phoenix RES 110 Mr.Baker Jul 07, 2004 Corporate Wellness Programs Corporate wellness programs are critical to the fiscal fitness of organizations in the United States today. Corporate wellness programs vary in their methods, but the end goals are the same: decrease medical costs and increase employee productivity. Healthcare costs now consume over 50% of corporate profits and continue to increase at nearly 12% a year (Powell, 1999, p.15). This dramatic rise in costs has caused employers to look for innovative ways to combat the costs. In addition, larger companies now operate with more employees in smaller a space, which creates more stress and allows for ailments to spread faster. Corporate wellness programs focus on a proactive to employee health, as 80% of all ailments are preventable (Prevent a Disease PD, 2000, 3). I will provide you with an overview as well as, some specific examples of these corporate wellness programs and the results they produce. Rising insurance costs are one the primary reason employers are investing in corporate wellness programs more than ever before. Companies spent nearly $348 billion on employee healthcare premiums in 1997 according to a study conducted by (Kuttner, 1999). A quick overview of health insurance is necessary to better understand the methodology behind corporate wellness, starting with the fact that all insurance companies exits to make a profit. They review the companys utilization each year (how much they paid out for all employees at the company) and weigh that against premiums collected (how much they took in from employees.) Then they figure out their additional costs to administer the program and a fair profit. So if there are a lot sick people, rates are going to go up a lot. If there are more healthy people the rates will still go up but only 4-5% (to account for inflation). So the company either needs to pass those costs along to the employee or figure out how to lower those costs, which is where corporate wellness comes in. The initial part of successful corporate wellness programs is employee evaluation and assessing risk factors. People that are most commonly in the high-risk group are those that are smokers or overweight. That group is responsible for the majority of absences as well as the utilization, so it is very important that program has specifically tailored programs to encourage their participation. The thought is not only are the high-risk people being targeted, but you can also make the most appreciable gains by involving them. Often these programs offer a bonus tied to documented use of these programs. Generally employees would meet with a consultant to set up a diet and fitness program and they have some type of code to enter to document their usage. In addition, monthly or quarterly evaluations with the trainer would occur so they ensure its effective. Another approach has been a work team approach, where the manager encourages his group to workout together achieving personal goals as well as fostering a more productive work environment. In addition, employers also offer confidential counseling and other methods to help combat smoking as well as psychological conditions. These methods have been successful in involving high-risk employees and reducing their risk factor significantly. Corporate wellness programs have a number of aspects and some are more comprehensive than others but they all primarily focus on preventative care. The most effective preventative tools are proper diet and exercise, which is generally the same thing people hear each time they go to the doctor. Study after study concurs, people that workout and observe a healthy diet, live longer, more productive lives. These same people are healthier more productive employees, so by giving employees free or discounted access to facilities that accomplish those tasks is a sound investment. A good example of this is at Johnson and Johnson where they reduced their absenteeism rate by 15% and cut their hospital costs by 34% within 3 years of introducing their wellness program, according to Human Resources Executive. These are the type of results more than justify the cost to the employer. Another important area where corporate wellness programs have shown to be effective is at reducing short-term disability expenditures. Short-term disability (STD) not only costs the company in .

Graffiti as a Subculture

Graffiti is a form of subculture which conveys the author’s message and applies a code in its application that befits the elements necessary for classification as a subculture. Graffiti can be defined as an example of subculture corresponding to the main criteria of contemporary definitions of subculture.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Graffiti as a Subculture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Contemporary theoreticians dispute the origin and meaning of subculture as a social phenomenon, analyzing the sociological parameters of the groups of population and their primary motivation for deciding on self-expression in the form of subculture. McCracken (2002) noted that â€Å"The new groups are the necessary inevitable product of our world, not a transgressive reaction to it† (Plenitude: Culture by commotion). McCracken’s assertions can be defined as revolutionary and gave rise to debates with ot her theoreticians who consider subculture as the phenomenon separated from the mainstream of the community, opposing and struggling against it. Titley shifts the emphasis to the sociological characteristics of subculture representatives, admitting that â€Å"subcultures are often the creative expression of cultural difference by marginal groups† (A New approach to youth subculture theory). Actually, this definition does not contradict McCracken’s statements concerning the subculture groups as an integral product of society, but rather evaluates the psychological basis of the phenomenon. The same idea of joining subculture for expressing their protest was developed by Hebdige (2002): â€Å"Subcultures are expressive forms but what they express is, in the last instance, a fundamental tension between those in power and those condemned to subordinate positions and second-class lives† (p. 132). Using these parameters, graffiti can be defined as an example of subcultu re used by contemporary youths for expressing their protest against the generally accepted society norms. The ‘art’ of graffiti is a unique one. It aims at producing a graphic, which passes on a message. The location of choice for the placement of graffiti is visual areas such as walls and bridges, or in easily accessible hidden areas such as public toilets. The developers pass on context specific information depending on the theme of their protest. To produce a successful piece of graffiti, there is a set of skills required in addition to a defiant mindset. Graffiti finds placement in strategic locations to achieve the effects the creator desires. Different members of this subculture have varying levels of skill in as far as the development of graffiti is concerned. Some produce very intricate diagrams with visually attractive graphics while others use simpler techniques to produce their work.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can hel p you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The illegality of writing graffiti in public places makes it a rushed job in some places while the relative lack of stringent policing in neighborhoods with a graffiti subculture makes it possible to produce intricate designs. Some use graffiti as a means of decorating bland surfaces while others use it to disfigure well-embellished ones. What ties the subculture together is the form of art used to express the ideas, and not necessarily, the specific content of the work produced. The second characteristic of graffiti as an example of subculture is the expression of the views of minority in a non-facilitated environment. In whatever geographical area that a graffiti subculture exists, most likely, it will be in areas where there are no channels of facilitated communication to make possible the effective voicing of the issues. Since there is no channel to vent the frustration experienced, perpetrators use graffiti to communi cate their thoughts and desires. The subculture speaks for the silent masses. Some members use graffiti for other purposes such as humor or for passing on witty comments. The type of graffiti by a single person meant for a small audience finds placement in hidden but highly accessible areas. The expression of the protest against the generally accepted norms is one of the main factors which make the art of graffiti so appealing to the youths. The issue of doing harm to the city landscape and public places is discussed even more often than the art value of particular graffiti. Still, the fact that some of the contemporary painters use traditional canvases for creating their masterpieces proves that in some cases graffiti aesthetics has dominated over the expression of the protest. Taking into account the popularity of graffiti among certain population groups, the development of its aesthetics and the tradition of graffiti painters, graffiti can be defined as a peculiar form of self ex pression and social protest of the subculture representatives. Titley noted that â€Å"Many of these groups engage in protest, but what is interesting is how different this protest is† (A New approach to youth subculture theory). Graffiti is a peculiar form of expression of the youths’ protest, and the overview of the numerous samples and the peculiarities of the styles of particular painters shows the development of this subculture and its unique aesthetics. The analysis of the sociological characteristics of graffiti painters, their motivation for creating pictures on the walls and the symbolic meaning of their masterpieces proves that graffiti at its contemporary stage corresponds to the contemporary definitions of subculture.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Graffiti as a Subculture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reference List Hebdige, D. 2002. Subculture; the meaning of style. New York: Rout ledge. McCracken, G. 2002. Plenitude: Culture by commotion. [online]. Tittley, M. n.d. A New approach to youth subculture theory. [online]. This essay on Graffiti as a Subculture was written and submitted by user A1dan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Interior Design Indian Art, Craft and Color

Interior Design Indian Art, Craft and Color The Indian culture of using art and craft to decorate the interior aspects of buildings such as palaces, temples, royal houses and residences of the wealthy and noble individuals is an old practice but continues to thrive in the modern world (Barnard 13).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Interior Design: Indian Art, Craft and Color specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The aesthetic quality of color, patterns and craftwork used in traditional Indian cultures explain why the style is still popular in the modern context. The purpose of this paper is to develop a comprehensive analysis of Indian art, craft and color as used in interior design. In particular, the paper explores the Rajasthan style, one of the oldest and popular Indian arts culture. The Rajasthan arts culture is widely known for its colorful, lively and attractive characteristics. It originates from the state of Rajasthan, which explains the name of th e arts culture (Dongerkery 29). Among the Rajasthan artworks developed for the interior parts of buildings include Rajasthani murals developed through painting. Embossing is an important artistic style used in developing Rajasthani Murals (Barnard 18). In addition, the Royal Rajput family has played a significant role in maintaining the craft and art industry in India. For instance, fabric colorations and embellishment, painting and interior decorations as well as making of puppets are important aspects of the Rajput arts culture. The Rajsasthani interior design The Rajasthani paintings are generally mural works that give an enthusiastic and embossed artwork to the interior design of various houses in India. In the paintings, the base of the artworks is either canvas board or ply board. Ply boards must undergo a number of processes to ensure that it fits the work. For instance, the surface is coated with wood primer for a number of times to achieve a smooth surface finishing. Then, the artists draw a sketch on the wood or ply surface. In particular, the artists apply relief work on the portions of the main drawing. For example, trees and bushes in a background are developed through embossing (Edwards 66). A mixture of ceramic and powder/glue is one of the main artistic styles used to decorate the interior of the buildings. To develop this mixture, it is necessary for the artists to make soft dough made from a mixture of ceramic powder and glue. The mixture is then used to make a number of shapes of the relief work depending on the designs set for embossing.Advertising Looking for research paper on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Coloring is a major aspect of the Rajasthan artworks. In fact, all the artworks must be colored to achieve the desired finishing. First, it is necessary to color the background. Any scenery in the background must be completely colored. Then, the artist colors all t he objects closer to the foreground. A number of colors are applied in these artworks. The type of color depends on the objects on the scenery. For instance, bright colors are used to finish dresses. In addition, Rajasthani paintings use bright combination of colors. Moreover, the skin portions are provided different colors. For the jewelry, metallic colors are normally prefers. It is also worth noting that Rajasthan paintings are vanished to provide with adequate protection (Bhandari and Vandana 61). Wall hangings and other decorations on the walls are developed with dresses and mats. They are designed by sticking a number of decorative sequences such as mirrors. Glass is used for framing the paintings, but it is not necessary to use glass. A number of synthetic frames can be used. In the traditional systems, wooden frames made of teakwood or rosewood is used to develop frames, which provides an enhanced ethnic appearance of the objects (Ypma 47). Barnard, Nicholas. Arts and Craft s of India. London: Conran Octopus Limited, 2010. Print. Bhandari, Dhingra and Sudha Vandana. Textiles and Crafts of India. New Delhi: Prakash Book Depot, 2008. Print. Dongerkery, Kamala. Interior decoration in India: Past and Present. London, OUP, 2009. Print.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Interior Design: Indian Art, Craft and Color specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Edwards, Eiluned. Textiles and Dress of Gujarat. Ahmedabad: Mapin Publishing, 2011. Print. Ypma, Herbert. India modern: traditional forms and contemporary design. New Delhi: Phaidon Press, 2004. Print.

An Earthquake Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

An Earthquake Report - Assignment Example Because the coast was just above the lower edge of the rupture area along the interplate boundary, it moved towards the east up to 4 meters while the coastline went lower by about 0.5 meters. (USGS) Media coverage of the catastrophe showed the damage which included cars being washed away, fires, infrastructure being destroyed and a leak from an atomic power plant in the area. I can only imagine how it is like to feel an earthquake. In my opinion, the media coverage on this particular earthquake was quite accurate. Although the only technical data most media companies had shared was the magnitude of the earthquake, how great the extent of the damage was and where the tremor originated, the numbers together with the footage were enough for me to understand the significance of this disaster for Japan. The words used in the reports appropriately described the effects of the earthquake and tsunami. The photos and videos shown were actual circumstances which told the truth to audiences who would not have time to read the

Why might we consider globalization to be generated Essay

Why might we consider globalization to be generated - Essay Example Globalization is a big word today and one that has changed the way we look at and understand things around us. What is actually globalization What do we understand by this word Globalization is simply the predisposition of the economy through business, knowledge through technology and thought through philosophy to spread globally. Globalization can also mean the process by which this happens. This term is almost synonymous with intertwining of markets and economies without any consideration for physical border or legal restraints. One of the best examples that jump into my mind is the McDonalds. What better example of globalization Waters1 (1995) describes globalization as 'a social process in which the constraints of geography on social and cultural arrangements recede and in which people become increasingly aware that they are receding'. Ideally it is believed that globalization is the means to create a global positive impact upon the poor and the poverty in general by opening the doors to availability of a host of opportunities and resources which would have, otherwise not been available nationally. The downside is that globalization seems to profit the rich more and the poor less, thus widening the gap further. It is true that globalization actually means the broadening of global linkages, while also impacting upon the social and cultural dimensions of the global society, hence propagating a one-world-citizenship which has one economy, one culture and one social order. Ecumenically globalization's definition would be complete with the above classifications. But there are many inroads in the understanding of the term. This is the process with which the poor countries can think of modernization and global competition, enhanced living standards, and work opportunities; on the other hand this very same process is the one which can destroy economies by sudden influx of foreign capital, can destroy marginalized workers livelihood and destabilize national banks. Hence, globalization literally is like a coin - with two very separate sides. When we think of globalization impact on gender, we need to understand first of all what is defined by 'gender'. What is gender Gender is basically the terms that is most commonly used for 'women'. It is mostly used as social term than biological one. Gender as a term is closed to the definition of anything that refers to women in a social connotation. Now let us think about globalization vis--vis gender. How has globalization impacted gender Is globalization gendered Should it be, in the first place Should it not be This essay is trying to look into a few aspects of globalization which impact women and thereby deduce whether globalization is gendered or not. Gender inequality in particular can create very confusing effects which however are able to highlight the fact the there is a strong connection between poverty and gender. UNDP (1999) has statistics with which you cannot argue. Inspite of the common belief, poverty has actually grown by leaps and bound in the last 10-20 years;

The Properties And Uses Of Bricks Construction Essay

The Properties And Uses Of Bricks Construction Essay Brick is a core material that is commonly used to build the wall of a building. Clay bricks are the most common brick type. It is made from sand and clay and uniformly burnt at temperatures between 800 °C and 1200 °C. Surface finishes are sometimes applied, e.g. glazed bricks. Glazed bricks are still being produced in large quantity and can be obtained from major English brick manufacturers and suppliers. Calcium Silicate bricks is manufactured from sand-lime (calcium silicate). The bricks are pressed under great pressure and steamed in an autoclave. The bricks are smooth, fine textured and light in colour. The colour of the brick is produced from material source, composition and firing temperature. The size of bricks over time has changed considerably. Some early medieval bricks were 13 inches by 6 inches by 2 inches. By the late 15th century a brick 9.5 inches by 4.5 inches by 2 inches became the norm and a charter in 1571 stipulated bricks by the measurement of 9 inches by 4.5 inches by 2.25 inches. By the 18th century, 8.25 inches by 4 inches by 2.5 inches brick was introduced. Modern bricks are 8.5 inches by 4 inches by 2.5 inches which is following metrication translated to 215mm by 102.5mm by 65mm. Modern bricks are the bricks that are most used in buildings nowadays. 2.1.2 Defect of Size Poor material selection and preparation or underfiring is the main problem of oversized bricks. Undersized bricks are caused mainly by poor material preparation, faulty moulds and overfiring. 2.1.3 Defect of Shape There are many grounds which contribute to defects in shape. These are including poor preparation of moulds or moulding technique, faults in stacking, rough handling and uneven drying. If the bricks are considerably over burnt, incipient fusion takes place and the bricks, called burrs, will come out of the kiln or clamp and get stuck together. Burrs are suitable only for hardcore purposes. 2.1.4 Defects of Body Faults in the raw material can give rise to defects such as cracking, bloating and laminations. Cracking and warping of bricks, causing incipient weakness, may be due to exposure of green bricks to direct sunlight or rapid drying winds. Similar effects will be produced by putting green bricks into the kiln too soon. Large cracks maybe caused by rain getting onto hot bricks. 2.1.5 Defect of Appearance These defects are caused primarily by faulty wires in the case of wire-cut bricks. Dark spots are caused by the presence of unevenly distributed iron sulphide in the clay. 2.2 Types of Brickwork Defects 2.2.1 Introduction Most parts of a building are built using bricks. Nowadays, brickwork defects are commonly found in buildings. This problem is getting more serious as days go by. Brickwork defects may cause a lot of problems to the occupants. The main problem encountered in building with traditional outside bearing wall of brickwork and concrete inside bearing structure is caused by differences in the temperature and moisture-induced movement. Cracks may be discovered in walls and solutions have to be found to alleviate this problem. (Verhoef, 2001) Brickwork defect which occurs in buildings has a variety of reasons. This is perhaps not surprising when one considers the wide range of different bricks and techniques in the construction of building, differences in the construction sites and the varied occupational or owner usage of the completed building. Brickwork will deteriorate and decay if not properly maintained. Such deterioration can be caused by a number of factors and can take various forms. The main signs that the brickwork is afflicted are surface growth and staining, efflorescence, loosed brick becoming dislodged, cracks appear through the bricks or mortar and etc. (Moses Jenkins, 2007) In this sub chapter, the different types of the brickwork defect will be determined. This chapter gives an overview of various types of brickwork defects and understanding the brickwork defects. By identifying the different types of the brickwork defects, it will be easy for the occupants or owners to find out the causes of the defects and subsequently take the suitable remedy methods to address the problem. 2.2.2 Brick Wall Settlement Any movement in a structural  brick wall will risk having the bond courses in the wall broken. Any movement in a  brick veneer wall which has broken or loosened the connections between the veneers to the underlying structure is potentially dangerous and risk collapsing the masonry. 2.2.3 Bulging Brick Wall This is likely to be a bond-brick or bond-course failure. This defect is potentially extremely dangerous and immediate action must be taken. If not, it will cause the building to suddenly collapse. 2.2.4 Cracks and Bulges in Brick Walls Frost and earth loading can push a below-grade brick foundation wall inwards. The wall is often bulged inwards as well as showing horizontal and step cracking and loose bricks will surface over the bulged area. The damage occurs from slightly above ground level to roughly the frost line. 2.2.5 Cracks and Loose Bricks Normally, crack and loose bricks are caused by frost, settlement, expansion, diagonal and stair-stepped. These defects often happen at building corners where the roof spillage is concentrated. 2.2.6 Loose Bricks and Missing or Lost Mortar This is the movement where the mortar is severely washed-out by roof spillage or other water movement against the foundation. Loose and lost bricks may also occur where wood blocks, originally set into a wall to permit nailing of interior components, is damaged by insects or decay. Similarly, if the wood joists are damaged and bent excessively or collapsed (insect damage, rot, fire), the collapsing joist can, as its in-wall end moves, damage the foundation or building wall. Fire cuts on wood joists in brick walls were intended to minimize this damage source by angling the end of the joist where it was set into the wall pocket. 2.2.7 Spalling Bricks Spalling is caused by water and frost, such as water leaking into a brick structure at any entry point: a crack, a brick which has lost its hard surface, or at openings by window and door penetrations. It is best to also beware of caulking bricks. 2.2.8 Exfoliating-Rust Damage to Bricks Masonry wall will have these defects when brick walls have been improperly caulked where caulking should have been omitted. The most common example of this defect is the damage that occurs to a brick wall when a steel lintel over a window or door is caulked tightly between the brick and the steel. Moisture penetrating the brick wall through cracks or mortar joints is trapped around the steel lintel. Rust developing on steel lintels has tremendous lifting power as the rusting exfoliating metal expands, sufficient to crack and damage bricks around the lintel. Improper Repair Mortar  on Brickwork During repair works, tuck pointing or re-pointing bricks can cause surface spalling of bricks if the mason uses a too hard mortar with high portland content or mortar on soft bricks in a climate exposed to freezing weather. The high portland content means that the mortar will be not only harder, but more waterproof than the surrounding bricks. Water trapped around the hard mortar can freeze leading to surface spalling of the bricks. This is particularly likely to be seen when a wall has been tuck pointed using hard high-portland mortar where originally a soft high-lime mortar was used and where the original bricks were soft. Salts on Brickwork Salts are a major cause of deterioration. Salt can enter bricks through contaminated water ingress. In coastal areas, salt can come from the sea and, in winter, the nearby application of road salt is a constant threat. Salt is damaging because it creates a steady expansion of crystals within the bricks. This can eventually force the structure of the brick apart. The source of salt can occur from within the bricks themselves or from the application of contaminated mortars or renders. Brick lined chimney flues are also vulnerable as sulphates can be introduced when flu gasses condense. This is a common defect where a chimney has been sealed without adequate ventilation. 2.2.11 Efflorescence on brickwork Efflorescence appears as a white powdery deposit on the brick. It is a phenomenon that soluble salt dissolved in water are carried, deposited and gradually accumulated on brick surfaces to form an unsightly scum. Without water, efflorescence cannot occur. The soluble salts may be originated from the raw material of bricks. But in most cases, efflorescence is caused by salts from the external sources such as ground water, contaminated atmosphere, mortar ingredients and other materials in contacts with the bricks. To minimize the risk, (it can never be completely avoided in brickwork exposed to weathering) the building detail should be designed, as far as is possible, to avoid saturation. In other words, good overhangs, copings and sills with drips, need to be considered. Efflorescence can be helped on its way by sponging down the wall with clean water (avoiding substantial wetting) or dry brushing with soft brushes. Any other treatment should be avoided as it may disfigure the bricks.    2.2.12 Thermal Movement on Brickwork Every materials expand or contracts as the temperature of the material changes, typically expanding as its temperature increases and contracting as its temperature decreases. Different materials expand and contract at different rates when they undergo similar changes in their temperatures. Brick veneer can expand and contract approximately. When determining the expansion or contraction of a brick veneer, it is important to remember the effects of the sun on materials. The energy from the suns rays raises the temperature of a material well above the air temperature. On a day when the air temperature is 32 ° F, the energy from the sun can raise a walls temperature to above 100 ° F. 2.2.12.1 Thermal expansion failures in Structural or Veneer Brick Walls A separate factor that can cause very large movements and extensive damage to brick structures or brick veneer walls is the thermal expansion which occurs across a long or tall brick wall when that wall is heated by intense sun exposure. The photographs show significant thermal expansion damage in a long brick structure. Significant breaks and gaps  at vertical brick mortar joints due to thermal expansion and perhaps some frost and water damage. Figure1: Significant breaks in mortar Horizontal sliding breaks  in brick mortar joints,  exposing reinforcing wire to rust, exfoliation, and additional damage from those forces as the exfoliating wire produced still more pressure on the mortar joint. Figure2: Horizontal breaks in mortar Step cracking  following mortar joints near the building corners and where the wall movement was resisted by first story intersecting brick walls abutting at right angles the middle section of the long brick wall. Figure3: Step cracking in mortar Cracks and broken bricks at the intersections of brick walls and openings. Figure 4: Cracks and broken bricks (InspectApedia, 2007) 2.2.13 Moisture Movement on Brickwork Moisture affects all porous masonry materials, including bricks, mortars and concrete masonry units but in very different ways. These effects must be considered when a combination of these materials is used, such as when bricks rest on a concrete foundation, brick veneer units are used with block back up, and when brick and architectural concrete products are used in the same Wythe bands of precast concrete or architectural concrete block in a brick veneer. After their initial mixing or casting, mortar, poured-in-place concrete and concrete masonry units shrink as the curing of the Portland cement proceeds. This is an unavoidable consequence of the curing of concrete products and is accommodated in design. 2.2.14 Sulphate Attack on Brickwork Most ordinary clay bricks contain sulphates of sodium, magnesium or calcium. These salts are soluble in water, calcium sulphate being less soluble than the other two. Normally, these sulphates are seen as the harmless efflorescence which affect appearance only and need simply to be brushed away. In theory, most brick walls with mortars based on OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement) are liable to sulphate attack. The most vulnerable walls are earth-retaining walls and parapet walls but sulphate attack is a problem also on rendered, and facing brickwork. On rendered brickwork, sulphate attack is manifested by cracking of the rendering, the cracks being mainly horizontal and corresponding to the mortar joints below. The rendering may adhere quite well to the bricks early in the attack but areas are likely to become detached as the expansion of the underlying brickwork causes severance of the bond between the two materials. (Eldridge, 1976) 2.2.15 Lime Staining on Brickwork Lime staining occurs when calcium hydroxide is deposited on the face of brickwork. Lime staining will quickly absorb carbon dioxide from the air and becomes calcium carbonate. It is virtually insoluble and can only be removed by expert which is a costly treatment. The calcium hydroxide can come from three main sources: calcium hydroxide caused by the hydration of Portland cement from hydrated lime added to mortar from brickwork in contact with wet concrete 2.2.16 Porosity on Brick Porosity is an important characteristic of bricks. In contrast to other moulded or pre-cast building materials, the porosity of bricks is attributed to its fine capillaries. By virtue of the capillary effect, the rate of moisture transport in the brick is ten times faster than in other building materials. Moisture is released during day-time and re-absorbed during night-time. The ability to release and re-absorb moisture by capillary effect is one of the most useful properties of brick that helps to regulate the temperature and humidity of atmosphere in a building. This distinctive property makes bricks an admirable building material, particularly suitable for buildings in the tropics. On the other hand, all porous materials are susceptible to chemical attacks and liable to contamination from weathering agents like rain, running water and polluted air. 2.2.17 Crack in Brick Faces / Firecracks The finished appearance of clay brick can vary greatly; this is because it is dependent on clay and the manufacturing process. Some products contain cracks of varying degree (sometimes referred to as firecracks) as an inherent feature. Firecracks are usually visible on the product as delivered. However, firecracks can be masked by the texture and surface sands used in the manufacturing process which becomes visible after the bricks are laid as a result of natural weathering of exposed brickwork. 2.2.18 Dampness of the Brick Wall More or less permanent dampness showing more clearly on the internal wall surface from ground level up to a height of about 750mm, but may be higher in severe cases or if the outer face is covered with a non-porous finish. The decorations may be damp, blistered or discoloured, or, if dry, may have been pushed off the wall by a film or salts which will often be seen as a fluffy crystalline growth. The possible causes of dampness in the brick wall are lack of DPC (damp proof course), by-passing of the DPC, and failure of the DPC material. 2.2.19 Brick Growth and Expansion Gaps in Brickwork Bricks undergo long-term permanent expansion over time. This expansion continues for the life of the brick, but the majority of the growth occurs early in its life. Most general purpose bricks have a coefficient of expansion in the range of 0.5-1.5mm/m (millimeters per meter) over fifteen years. Designers can use the values of the coefficient of expansion to accommodate for the growth of bricks by the size and spacing of the control joints. The provision of control gaps or articulation joints between parts of the structure during construction will accommodate movements within the structure over time. Numerous sources of movement exist and include: The change in size of building materials with temperature, loading conditions and moisture content The differential change in size of building materials (for example, cement products shrink over time, whilst clay bricks expand slowly over time) Foundation and footings movement Frame movement Frame shortening Temperature movement Internal horizontal and vertical movement 2.3 Causes of the brickwork defects 2.3.1 Introduction Brickworks are used primarily in the construction of walls. To construct the brick wall required many skills, design, experience, selection of material, and technique. Lack of all expertise may cause the brickwork defects or failure of the building. The defects that occur in brickwork maybe the result of inherent faults, deficiencies in production, design, materials or workmanship, and attack by environmental agents. After the brickwork has been constructed, it maybe meets of various requirements, climate, loading, and occupational in use. It is not surprising that defects happened or occurs frequently. In this sub chapter, the causes of the brickwork defects will be list out. To find out the actual causes of the brickwork defects will be easily for the occupational to take the right remedies immediately and reduces the brickwork defects happen. 2.3.2 Selection of bricks The choice of bricks is often influenced by the price but the quality required must also be carefully considered in order to avoid defects developing during the service life of the material. Therefore, the selection of suitable bricks for any particular purpose has often to be a trade-off between appearance and durability requirements on the one hand, and cost on the other. This is not always possible to assess the quality of bricks by the colour, variability of colour of bricks of the same source and method of production can often be an indication of strength and durability variations. 2.3.3 Storage of bricks Bricks on site are rarely kept under adequate cover. Defects in the bricks resulting from the lack of adequate protection on the site are rarely apparent before use. However, bad weather conditions can be detrimental to bricks in that saturation by rain can be responsible for both subsequent efflorescence and decoration defects. 2.3.4 Soluble Salts in Bricks Under burnt bricks contain a high salt content. The salts come from the raw clay from which the bricks are made, or are formed in the burning process. Most clay bricks contain some soluble salts, but the types and amounts vary appreciably. The effect of the soluble salts on both efflorescence and the more serious problem of disintegration of bricks themselves are largely governed by the strength and pores structure of the bricks. 2.3.5 Sulphate attack Sulphates are salts which are naturally present in industrial waste, gypsum product, clay bricks, flue condensates and in some ground waters. In persistently damp conditions, sulphate will react slowly with tricalcium aluminate forming a compound called calcium sulphoaluminate. This reaction causes the cement mortar or render of the brickwork to expend and eventually disintegrate. 2.3.6 Solar Radiation While drying out of soil by trees is the most common reason for cracking in brickwork, some clay are also very susceptible to drying out by direct solar radiation. The northern facing wall is the most likely to be affected and stepped diagonal cracking is the most common symptom, usually occurring at the north east and north west corner of the building. (Loveder, 2000) 2.3.7 Migration of moisture The movement of moisture beneath a building can produce the phenomenon known as long term dome and saucer effect. The dome effect is a slow heaving of the soil caused by movement of moisture from the perimeter of the house to its centre, and the saucer effect is moisture moving in the opposite direction, from the centre towards the perimeter. The dome effect causes the walls to tilt outwards and the restraining influence of the roof produces horizontal cracks on the outside wall. These will be wider on the outside surface rather than the inner. 2.3.8 Planting of tree Some of the brickwork defects may cause by big trees roots that plant nearby the building area. When planning to plant trees, the idea to be considering is the strength of the footings under the house. If lack of strength, the roots of the trees maybe grow into the ground under the building and cause the brick wall settlement and cracking. 2.3.9 Uneven settlement of foundations Where a particular heavy load is placed on the foundation such as a large column, movement may occur as moisture is squeezed out of the soil or the soil readjusts itself. This consolidation will stop when the soil has finally compacted enough to support the load. Brick wall or masonry wall may crack which may result from movement during compaction. 2.3.10 Excessive vibration Damage caused by vibration from earth tremors, heavy traffic or pile driving is fairly rare, however if the vibration is great enough to actually cause the foundation to move, brickwork cracking or defect can occur. The crack will show up irregularly if the sources of the vibration cannot be removed. (Loveder, 2000) 2.3.11 Additional building Building an addition building onto a house or add more storey of houses can impose a load intensity on the soil different that which is there already and so cause differential settlement. Even if the loading intensities are similar, the difference in time between when the two settlements occurred can be enough to create the brick wall cracks. 2.3.12 Approach of design Design of brick wall is very important. The designer must have the knowledge about the brick experience in chosen the types of brick to be used. The designer must be fully aware of the clients needs. Defects often occur because of a lack of understanding of the different types of bricks and the method of construct the brick wall. 2.3.13 Lack experience of worker Workers in the masonry construction is not in strict accordance with the construction and standards, masonry mortar is not full, especially in vertical mortar joints are not full, and even produce dense seam, seam permeability. In addition, the dry brick on the wall, mortar in the brick water was absorbed, causing low strength of mortar, brick and mortar separation, so that the overall stiffness of masonry fell, gray mortar joints crack. 2.3.14 Overloading Cracks of brickwork may result from overloading of the ground on which the building rests, or of the building itself or parts of it. Releasing the load does not necessary allow the masonry wall to revert to its original state since the overloading may have been partially accommodated by a permanent compaction of the bricks. The forces responsible for the overloading may be of external origin, such as excessive wind, or may be internal, such as those arising from the installation of excessively heavy equipment for which the masonry wall was not designed. A change of occupational may have same results. 2.3.15 Lack of maintenance Maintenance must be taken for all the building to minimize the cost of repair work for seriously defects happen. Lack of maintenance will make a small cracks or defects on brickwork change to more serious and serious. 2.3.16 Improper soil analysis and preparation When a builder chooses an area of land to build on, it is important to do some sort of soil analysis and preparation. The analysis will provide the developer and/or builder with enough information to choose the adequate soil preparation and construction strategy that should be used to develop the land. Improper soil analysis and preparations can be very damaging to a housing development. For example, a builder can discover that the land soil is made up of expansive soil. If this is the case, houses need to have a foundation that will be able to support the changing pressure and consistency of the soil. This is because expansive soil will swell when wet and then shrink once it dries. If one builds on this type of soil and is not aware of it, there will inevitably be issues to handle. There will be crack in the brick wall or masonry wall. The repair of this is very costly and very intrusive. Unfortunately, the reality is improper soil analysis and preparations happen all the time. 2.3.17 Negligence of construction Negligent construction is an unfortunately common occurrence. A builder has to be very careful when choosing a contractor or subcontractor. A builder will sometimes use one contactor for various projects. A contractor may have skills to install floor tiles but not the know how to build a brick wall. The responsibility can fall on several parties when there is a defect, and thats up to your attorney to determine. 2.3.18 Movement of the ground Mining subsidence, landslips, earthquakes, or moisture changes of shrinkable clay soil may cause the movement of the ground. The brick wall of the building will be crack because the wall of building has become displaced from the rest without any change in actual size of the materials. In theory, this is possible to reconnect the displace parts to bring the building back to its original condition but in practice this seldom can be done. 2.3.19 Acid rain Acid rain is precipitation that is much more acidic than normal rainfall, and the acid rain is usually caused by pollution such as sulfur and nitrogen emissions. Several different mechanisms are operant in the deterioration of brick masonry through the action of acid rain. The bricks are susceptible to acid rain through the selective dissolution of their glassy phase. The mortar is affected mainly by the reaction of the calcareous components. The soluble salts resulting from these reactions, in solution with rain water or condensed moisture, will migrate through the porous matrix of the masonry. In the places where the water evaporates the salts will be deposited. Repeated dissolution and re-crystallization of these salts leads to the mechanical disruption of the masonry structure. Since the salts will concentrate in the more porous material, either the brick or the mortar will be more seriously affected, depending on their relative porosity. 2.3.20 Environment Two aspects of the environment have been considerably which is wind and temperature. This is because they cause loading to be applied to the structure. The strong wind may cause the brick wall or the whole building move, this may cause cracking to the part of the building. The high temperature applied to the brickwork may cause spalling and brick prolong to high temperature can lead to surface vitrification. (Swoden, 1990) Table 1: Causes of the brickwork defect and the preventive method to avoid it happen No. Causes of brickwork defects Preventive method 1. Selection of bricks Use the bricks that are strength and durability 2 Storage of bricks Keep the bricks under dry place 3. Soluble Salts in Bricks Use the bricks that are less contain of soluble salts 4. Sulphate attack Ensuring the wall does not get and stay in unduly wetted. Use cement low in tricalcium aluminate 5. Solar radiation Make sure trees plant far away from the brick wall 6. Migration of moisture Use of damp proof course below the brick wall 7. Planting of tree Make sure there have no big tree nearby the brick wall 8. Uneven settlement of foundations Make sure the foundation is strong enough 9. Excessive vibration Make sure the foundation is strong enough 10. Additional building Do not build additional building of brick wall after a long period finish of brick wall 11. Approach of design Designer must be experienced and knowledgeable 12. Unskilled worker Make sure the brick wall is built by skilled worker 13. Overloading Brick wall must be design according to building use 14. Lack of maintenance Must me maintenance the brickwork annually 15. Improper soil analysis and preparation Check the soil properly and make sure the design of brick wall is strong enough 16. Negligence of construction Careful when choose the contractor 17. Movement of the ground Make sure the foundation is strong enough 18. Acid rain Wash or clean the brickwork before it decay or surface treatment 19. Environment Use the brick that are strength and durability 2.4 Remedies method of the brickwork defects in building 2.4.1 Introduction As known early, brickwork is one of the largest parts of most of the building. The strength, stability, and durability of brickwork are very important. If lack of all those factor, the brick wall or masonry wall maybe fall down or collapse suddenly. If the brickwork occurs any cracking or defects, the right method of remedies must be taken immediately. This is to ensure that the occupational or owner use the building under safety and healthy purposes. Brickwork will deteriorate and decay if not properly maintained. Such deterioration can be caused by a number of factors and can take various forms. The main signs that brickwork is suffering are surface growth and staining, efflorescence, loosed brick becoming dislodged, crack appears throw the bricks or mortar and etc. So, the right remedy must be taken to ensure the brickwork do not decay and deteriorate. (Moses Jenkins, 2007) In this sub chapter, the remedies method for various types of defects will be list out. This is to avoid the brickwork defect getting serious in building in construction industry. The defects of brickwork must be repair immediately, if not the defects will be more serious. For example, cracking can be due to expansion or shrinkage the clay brickwork itself. 2.4.2 Remedies of efflorescence Efflorescence can be minimized by laying dry bricks and by speeding up the drying process after the bricks have been laid by providing good ventilation. The salts that cause efflorescence are soluble in water. Hosing with water will cause the salts to dissolve and be re-absorbed into the brickwork, and then reappear when the brick wall dries out again. Acid or alkaline treatments are not recommended as they increase the salt content of the wall. The best method is simply brush off the deposit with a stiff dry bristle brush after the wall has dried out. Then sponge the surface with a damp synthetic chamois or high suction sponge. Use very little water and rinse sponge frequently in fresh water. 2.4.3 Sand-Blasted Bricks   Which have been cleaned of old paint, algae, or stains using high pressure sand blasting or possibly even v

Liberalism in Canadian Government Essay -- essays research papers

Liberalism is the best ideology for Canada’s government and is a good combination of both Socialism and Conservatism. Liberalism takes the finer parts from both ideologies to create a better form of government. Canadians now have a choice in which ideology they like better by this compromised form of government. The centre of the spectrum and the equilibrium of government and individual ownership is the definition of Liberalism. A good example of why Liberalism is the number one choice from most Canadians is public and privatized hospitals. Right now, Canada only has public hospitals that are free for everybody in need of medical assistance but require a health care plan. Public hospitals are paid by taxes, just like public education. The only downfall of publicized faculties is that they are normally very crowded, and you cannot always get help as fast. Private hospitals appeal more to people with money. People who are willing to pay the extra couple grand for faster and, some say, of better quality care. Since normally the best doctors would be working in their own pri...

Asian century

Asian countries rather than America or Europe that the world looks to for business, politics and culture. For people that live in Asian countries life is changing fast. People in areas that used to be poor are starting to earn good incomes. They're spending more money and the economies of some massive countries are booming. Its change on a scale that the world's never seen before and it could have a big effect on other countries, including Australia. . Many say we're at the start of the Asian Century. 4. Asian Century means that in the future we will stop looking to America and Europe or the latest music, movies or fashionable clothes and start looking at Asia. We will most certainly pay more attention to Asian politics and we'll do a lot more business with people in Asia. 5. Australian politicians would like all school kids to learn an Asian language in school. 6.The four Asian languages that the government is focusing on are :- Indonesian Chinese Japanese and Hindi 7. Some of the d ifficulties that schools may face in getting kids to learn an Asian language are that no-one's actually said how the government's going to pay for all his learning and there are questions about where schools are going to find enough language teachers and how they're going to encourage kids to keep learning. 8.Yes I think it is important for school kids to learn an Asian language at school because if we are coming into an Asian Century then it would give them an advantage to be able to keep up with the latest form Asia and help them in the future to be able to relate to Asian countries. 9. I would say I am connected to Asia but not in a huge way. I do eat Asian foods occasionally and I like to eat fried rice, boiled rice, and stay chicken. Many products re made in Asia, such as clothes, electrical appliances and some of the food we eat.Asian culture does not really influence my life, except at the moment I am enjoying the Korean song Kananga Style. An Asian celebration that is held i n Australia particularly across Sydney Chinatown is Chinese New Year. This is important due to its large multicultural – and especially Chinese – population. It is celebrated through traditional parades featuring Chinese lanterns, music, acrobatics demonstrations, and fireworks. Similarities and Differences Between Asia and Australia SIMILARITIES PREFERENCES Ingà ©nue ultra population.

Globalization And Its Impact On Society Essay - 1980 Words

Technological advancements in the last few decades allowed a greater interconnectivity among people around the world. This phenomenon is called globalization. As humans continue to advance technologically, we, as humans, will become more unified. This unification has many benefits. We will be able to work together on an economical, political, and social level. The state-of-the-art capabilities in commerce and trading between countries globalization fosters immense economical growth. Consequently, this growth will lead to an increase in jobs and overall economic health. Nevertheless, some claim that globalization will have certain costs. Many argue that some local cultures will die as a result of globalization. As technology grows and we become more interconnected, all cultures, big and small, will become more homogenous. The global homogeneity that globalization induces unfortunately leads to the demise of uniqueness in culture, essentially destroying smaller cultures all together. Russ Rymer (2012), an author that has worked for many publications including National Geographic, New York Times, Smithsonian, etc., claims that the reach larger languages, such as Mandarin and English, is expanding to â€Å"seemingly every hamlet† (p. 7). Some do argue, however, that the global culture that is created will allow for humans to work together in a more efficient manner than ever before. The question that needs to be asked is do the economic benefits outweigh the cultural costs ofShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Globalization On The Society1114 Words   |  5 Pages The Impact of Globalization 3 Introduction The effects of globalization are visible everywhere. The mixing of cultures and races throughout our society is everywhere. It’s on television, in our homes and woven into our workplace. This is not necessarily a new construct; it’s just more noticeable today than in the past. 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